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C
No one likes to make mistakes. But a new study says organizations learn more from their failures than their successes, and keep that knowledge longer.
    One of the researchers was Vinit Desai, an assistant professor at the University of Colorado Denver Business School. He worked with Peter Madsen from the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University in Utah.
    They did not find much long-term “organizational learning” from success. It is possible, they say. But Professor Desai says they found that knowledge gained from failure lasts for years.
    He says organizations should treat failures as a learning opportunity and not try to ignore them.
    The study looked at companies and organizations that launch satellites and other space vehicles. Professor Desai compared two shuttle(航天飞机) flights.
    In 2002, a piece of insulating(隔热的) material broke off during launch and damaged a rocket on the Atlantis. Still, the flight was considered a success.
    Then, in early 2003, a piece of insulating material struck the Columbia during launch. This time, the shuttle broke apart on re-entry and the seven crew members died. NASA officials suspended(暂停) all flights and an investigation led to suggested changes.    Professor Desai says the search for solutions after a failure can make leaders more open-minded. He points to airlines as an example of an industry that has learned from failures in the past.
    He advises organizations to look for useful information in small failures and failures they avoided. He also urges leaders to encourage the open sharing of information. The study appeared in the Academy of Management Journal.
    The mistakes we learn from do not have to be our own. We recently asked people on our Facebook page to tell us a time they had done something really silly.
   Bruno Kanieski da Silva told about a time he looked everywhere for his key. It was in his pocket. He wrote: I always promise I will never do it again, but after a few weeks ... where is my wallet? For sure it will be in a very logical place.
38. The following statements are true EXCEPT ______
A. people sometimes ignore their mistakes.
B. we can learn more from our mistakes than our successes.
C. knowledge gained from failture can last longer then that from success.
D. after making mistakes, people are less likely to accept different opinions.
39.  The study mentioned two shuttle flights to tell us ______
A. people shouldn’t make the same mistake twice.
B. the two shuttle flights were both failures in fact.
C. failures are a learning chance and people should not ignore them.
D. companies that launch satellites and other space vehicles often make mistakes.
40.  Why did the researcher ask people to tell their silly stories?
A. So that other people can learn from their mistakes.
B. To prove that people can’t learn from their own mistakes.
C. Because they will feel relaxed after telling their silly stories.
D. To remind people that they should put everything in a right place. 
41. The best title for this passage is ______
A. Learn from your own mistakes.
B. Failure can lead to long-lasting knowledge.
C. Failure can make leaders open-minded.
D. Learn from success.
D
It’s well known that different foods provide us with different kinds of energy, and a balance of different kinds of food is good for our health. Here is a general introduction to the main food groups in our daily diet. Knowing about the different food groups can help us keep healthy and fit.
●Grains. 
Grains include all of those food made from wheat, rice and other grain products. These foods provide us with fiber and iron. There are two main types of grains: whole grains and refined (精制的) grains (If some part of the grain has been removed before consumption (消费), we call them refined grains). Refined grains are lower in fiber than whole grains. It is important to get different kinds of grains, such as those found in bread and different cereals (谷物) every day.
●Vegetables and fruits. 
This group includes all types of fruits and vegetables, which can provide us with basic vitamins, including vitamins B and C. Try to eat lots of brightly colored fruits and vegetables as they have more vitamins. Try to eat fruits and vegetables every day, or drink a cup of fruit juice instead.
●Meat products. 
This group is made up of meat, fish and the like. These foods provide us with the protein that our body needs. Try to eat between 6 to 7 ounces of meat products so that we can get all the protein we need.
●Milk products. 
Milk products include those that are made from milk sources, such as milk and cheese. These products provide us with vitamins and minerals, including calcium(钙)and vitamin D. Try to eat or drink milk products every day, like a cup of milk, or 50 grams of cheese.
42. We are told in the second paragraph that ______.
A. grains can give us two kinds of energy because there are two types of grains
B. wheat is made from refined grain 
C. we will not lack iron if we eat bread everyday
D. refined grains are not a good choice if we want more fiber
43. Which of the following is TRUE about fruits? 
A. Fruits with brighter colors are richer in vitamins.
B. Fresh fruits contain more vitamins than fruit juice.
C. Fruits provide the same vitamins as milk products.
D. There are two basic kinds of vitamins in fruit.
44. What’s the passage mainly about?
A. It tells us how we can get enough energy in our daily diet.
B. It talks about the importance of meat products in our diet.
C. It introduces four different kinds of food groups.
D. It gives advice on how to balance our diet
英语学习  /english/